I’ll show you how to build a real URL shortener in under 200 lines of Python. We’re going to use FastAPI for the web layer, SQLite for storage, and base62 encoding for short codes. I’ll walk you through a redirect endpoint, a click counter, and rate limiting with SlowAPI . In my experience, this simple stack handles millions of links on one server.

Architecture and Tech Stack Choices

Before I write any code, I want to walk you through why I picked this stack. Picking the wrong stack for a small project either over-engineers it or under-builds it. I’ve seen systems fall over at a few hundred users, and I want to help you avoid that.

SQLite can now run at the edge. It works inside Cloudflare Workers via D1, on Fly.io via LiteFS replicated volumes, and in any V8 isolate through embedded WASM builds. This gives you sub-millisecond read queries. You get them by placing your database close to your users on a global CDN. A few tools made this practical: LiteFS for transparent SQLite replication, Cloudflare D1 as a managed edge service, Turso for libSQL with server mode and replication, and Litestream for streaming the WAL to S3. SQLite ships as a single file with zero dependencies. So you get a relational database that deploys with your app binary, needs no connection pooling, and handles thousands of reads per second per node.

You can build a working static site generator in about 100 lines of Python. The result reads Markdown files from a content directory, parses their YAML front matter, converts the Markdown to HTML, wraps everything in Jinja2 templates, and writes the output to a public/ folder ready to be served by any web server. It is the same fundamental pipeline that powers tools like Hugo , Jekyll , and Eleventy - just stripped down to the essentials so you can see exactly how the pieces fit together.

Accessible web forms start with semantic HTML and use ARIA only to fill gaps native elements can’t reach. Use aria-live for error announcements and aria-describedby to link messages to fields. Following WCAG 2.2 AA ensures every user can perceive, navigate, and complete your forms using only a keyboard.

Most form accessibility failures are not caused by missing ARIA. They come from developers skipping basic HTML semantics like labels and fieldsets. Patching this damage with ARIA often makes things worse. The W3C’s first rule is simple: no ARIA is better than bad ARIA. Misapplied roles or redundant labels create noise instead of clarity.

Turborepo is a fast build system for JavaScript and TypeScript monorepos. It uses content-aware caching, parallel tasks, and smart dependency ordering. The result: multi-package repos that stay fast to work with. You define workspace packages in a pnpm-workspace.yaml file, then add a turbo.json that declares task dependencies and caching rules. Turborepo handles the rest. Running turbo run build only rebuilds packages whose source files changed. Cache hits restore build outputs in milliseconds instead of minutes.

Pydantic v3 shipped in late 2025. It has a new Rust-backed core and a fresh model system. With FastAPI 0.115+, you get auto request checks, fast JSON output, and OpenAPI 3.1 docs. No manual schema work. Data errors get caught at the API edge. Client SDKs come from the live spec. The check overhead that used to be a bottleneck is now mostly gone.

This guide walks through what changed in v3, how to lay out a production project, the validation patterns to know, and what deployment looks like when you care about speed.